可乐好喝么?汽水里的果糖和蔗糖可能会促进肝脏双倍脂肪生成!

2021-04-13 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

汽水虽好喝,但长期摄入含糖饮料,会加速发展成为糖尿病或脂肪肝。

随着肥胖和肥胖相关疾病(如非酒精性脂肪肝NAFLD、2型糖尿病T2DM和血管疾病CVD)发病率的增加,饮食习惯如何影响人类健康是一个备受争议的问题。游离糖摄入过多,尤其是果糖摄入增加,会导致肥胖、代谢综合征和非酒精性脂肪性肝病的发病率高涨。

此外,有证据表明,摄入高果糖会增加肝脏新生脂肪生成和肝脏脂肪含量,降低肝脏胰岛素敏感性,而后者与体重增加无关。即使在几周内食用含适量果糖的含糖饮料,也会引起血清脂肪酸组成改变,从而导致肝脏胰岛素抵抗。

果糖特异性作用源于肝脏在果糖清除中起主要作用。果糖消耗诱导转录因子生成,比葡萄糖更有效地调节脂肪生成酶如脂肪酸合酶和乙酰CoA羧化酶的表达。通过上调脂肪生成基因表达来增加肝脏脂肪生成能力可能可在大量摄入碳水化合物时通过增强糖代谢并维持稳态。

最近,来自瑞士苏黎世大学医学院的营养与内分泌专家就对含糖饮料摄入导致的肝内脂肪生成开展了随机对照试验。发现:受试者的新陈代谢发生了显著的变化,导致人体肝脏的脂肪生成量增加一倍,相关结果发表在《肝脏病学杂志》(Journal of Hepatology)上。

本双盲随机试验共纳入94名受试者。他们被随机分配到七周的日常饮食或SSB戒断(对照组)或在此基础上每天饮用含糖饮料(SSB),后者饮料中含有适量的果糖、蔗糖或葡萄糖(80g/天,相当于800ml左右的普通汽水)。通过示踪方法评估新脂肪酸和甘油三酯的合成、脂解和血浆游离脂肪酸的氧化。

总的来说,参与者并没有比研究前摄入更多的热量。但与对照组相比,每日摄入添加了游离果糖和果糖以及葡萄糖(蔗糖)饮料的参与者,肝脏新合成脂肪酸的基础分泌量(FSR)增加了2倍(SSB组中位数FSR %/日:蔗糖=20.8;果糖=19.7;对照组=9.1)。令人诧异的是,这种现象在吃完饭或喝完饮料后的12小时以后仍然如此。相反,相同量的葡萄糖不会改变FSR(11.0)。

此外,果糖摄入不改变新合成的VLDL-TAG的基础分泌。它既不改变外周脂肪分解率,也不改变总脂肪酸和血浆游离脂肪酸氧化率。

由此可见,经常饮用中等剂量的果糖和蔗糖增甜饮料与稳定的热量摄入相关,即使在基础状态下也会增加肝脏脂肪酸的合成,而在食用葡萄糖后却没有观察到这种效果。

综上,汽水虽好喝,但长期摄入含糖饮料,会加速发展成为糖尿病或脂肪肝。

 

参考文献:

Fructose- and sucrose- but not glucose-sweetened beverages promote hepatic de novo lipogenesis: A randomized controlled trial. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2021.02.027

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