孩子一吃奶就呼吸困难,你会想到这个疾病吗?​

2019-02-25 李月兰 医学界儿科频道

食管气管瘘——新生儿严重先天畸形之一。

病历摘要

患儿,男,3天,因胎龄36+6周,低出生体重生后40分钟入院。

第1胎第1产,出生体重2.1 Kg,否认生后窒息及羊水吸入,Apgar评分1、5、10分钟均为10分。母亲孕期OGTT试验:5.56 mmol/L-9.28 mmol/L-7.98 mmol/L,产前早破水约20小时。

入科查体:轻度吐沫,无呻吟,无鼻扇及三凹征,口唇红润,双肺呼吸音粗,左肺可闻及少许湿罗音。心音正常,未闻及杂音。腹软,肝脾未触及肿大,肠鸣音正常存在。四肢肌张力正常。

诊疗经过

入院后诊断早产儿、低出生体重儿、适于胎龄儿,给予常规监测护理;患儿出现恶心,呕吐白色内容物,予洗(置胃管顺利),恶心、呕吐好转。

患儿初次开奶不顺利,进食后呕吐,予以禁食。后患儿觅食活跃,再次开奶顺利完成。之后患儿一般情况佳。

巡视病房时发现患儿呼吸急促、费力,伴阵发性面色发绀,听诊双肺大量湿啰音;因破水时间长,且有炎性指标的存在,考虑感染性肺炎,给予吸痰、无创辅助通气、少量鼻饲喂养等处理后,呼吸平稳,肺部啰音减少。

入院3天,患儿再次突然出现呼吸困难,伴有呛咳,喉中痰鸣,面色青紫,血气分析提示二氧化碳潴留,给予气管插管、呼吸机辅助呼吸后好转。

但患儿呼吸困难出现得很突然,且清理呼吸道后缓解得也很迅速,与感染性肺炎不符;不除外患儿存在食管气管畸形;行上消化道造影回报:气管中下段食管气管瘘(第5型)。

将患儿转至北京儿童医院保定医院,积极联系北京儿童医院的专家为其手术。

支气管镜检查:约距门齿十几厘米处显现出一个瘘口,在支气管镜直视下,瘘管的位置、粗细、深度清晰可见。

依据支气管镜下所见,专家团队进一步明确手术方案,选取了对患儿损伤小、时间短、出血少的腔镜手术治疗。术后营养的支持,特殊体位的要求,以及各种管路的维护。住院29天后,完全康复,患儿顺利出院。

讨论

食管气管瘘是新生儿严重先天畸形之一,常合并胸肺部畸形和其他各种畸形。食管气管瘘常与食管闭锁同时存在,约占90%。病理分型方法很多,目前多采用Gross五型分类法。


图:食管闭锁与食管气管瘘
Gross五型分类法

食管气管瘘并有食道闭锁的临床表现一般为生后即出现唾液增多,不断从口腔外溢,频吐白沫。由于咽部充满粘稠的分泌物,呼吸时喉部呼噜作响,呼吸不畅。

第一次喂奶或喂水时,咽下几口即开始呕吐。因食管与胃大多不连接,故非喷射性呕吐。因乳汁吸入后充满盲袋,经喉反流入气管,引起呼吸道梗阻,出现剧烈呛咳及青紫,甚至发生窒息。经咳嗽或迅速清除咽喉部积液后症状消失。以后每次喂奶后反复出现上述症状。

如母亲在孕30周后发现羊水过多,多与该畸形有关。所以,凡是新生儿有口吐白沫、生后每次喂奶均发生呕吐或呛咳、青紫等现象,再加上母亲羊水过多病史,早期诊断多不困难。

该患儿手术证实为第5型,无食管闭锁,但瘘与气管相通,又称H型,为纯食管气管瘘,较为少见,占2~5%。瘘管一般位于食管和气管上端,高于第二胸椎水平。患儿发病常晚于新生儿期,以喂奶后呼吸困难和反复发生肺炎为特点。第5型因食管通畅,食管造影很难发现瘘管,需要用食管镜或气管镜直接观察,且临床较为少见,所以早期容易漏诊或误诊为感染性肺炎或普通吸入性肺炎。

该患儿在生后第3天即诊断明确,得益于临床的密切观察;在尚未发生严重的肺炎、脱水等情况下,早期进行了手术,术后恢复良好。我们的早期诊断,上级医院及专家的精湛治疗技术,为患儿争取了一个美好的未来!

评论区 (4)
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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=363533, encodeId=a8a036353355, content=半年前我们遇到一个类似的,但医院条件问题无法确诊,转院了。后来省里确诊食管气管瘘。就是不知道分型, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=591c2575229, createdName=125907d9m78暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Mar 25 20:37:46 CST 2019, time=2019-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=362456, encodeId=4e4836245668, content=谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83eqYPFHuMA3bhYQrHvycmum7IJoCsLK0FP6X56Eoj9PZAECDke8zLCKxZZvk9q7B6rZmPuFgN5YCfw/132, createdBy=00912551888, createdName=12543c13m83暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Mar 11 12:59:04 CST 2019, time=2019-03-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1281873, encodeId=3bb712818e3da, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=21753963364' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#呼吸困难#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=39633, encryptionId=21753963364, topicName=呼吸困难)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=365d170, createdName=chenwq08, createdTime=Wed Feb 27 09:59:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=361494, encodeId=72fa36149487, content=好病例,学习了,谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Mon Feb 25 19:12:29 CST 2019, time=2019-02-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-03-25 125907d9m78暂无昵称

    半年前我们遇到一个类似的,但医院条件问题无法确诊,转院了。后来省里确诊食管气管瘘。就是不知道分型

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=363533, encodeId=a8a036353355, content=半年前我们遇到一个类似的,但医院条件问题无法确诊,转院了。后来省里确诊食管气管瘘。就是不知道分型, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=591c2575229, createdName=125907d9m78暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Mar 25 20:37:46 CST 2019, time=2019-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=362456, encodeId=4e4836245668, content=谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83eqYPFHuMA3bhYQrHvycmum7IJoCsLK0FP6X56Eoj9PZAECDke8zLCKxZZvk9q7B6rZmPuFgN5YCfw/132, createdBy=00912551888, createdName=12543c13m83暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Mar 11 12:59:04 CST 2019, time=2019-03-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1281873, encodeId=3bb712818e3da, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=21753963364' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#呼吸困难#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=39633, encryptionId=21753963364, topicName=呼吸困难)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=365d170, createdName=chenwq08, createdTime=Wed Feb 27 09:59:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=361494, encodeId=72fa36149487, content=好病例,学习了,谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Mon Feb 25 19:12:29 CST 2019, time=2019-02-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-03-11 12543c13m83暂无昵称

    谢谢分享

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=363533, encodeId=a8a036353355, content=半年前我们遇到一个类似的,但医院条件问题无法确诊,转院了。后来省里确诊食管气管瘘。就是不知道分型, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=591c2575229, createdName=125907d9m78暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Mar 25 20:37:46 CST 2019, time=2019-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=362456, encodeId=4e4836245668, content=谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83eqYPFHuMA3bhYQrHvycmum7IJoCsLK0FP6X56Eoj9PZAECDke8zLCKxZZvk9q7B6rZmPuFgN5YCfw/132, createdBy=00912551888, createdName=12543c13m83暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Mar 11 12:59:04 CST 2019, time=2019-03-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1281873, encodeId=3bb712818e3da, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=21753963364' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#呼吸困难#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=39633, encryptionId=21753963364, topicName=呼吸困难)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=365d170, createdName=chenwq08, createdTime=Wed Feb 27 09:59:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=361494, encodeId=72fa36149487, content=好病例,学习了,谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Mon Feb 25 19:12:29 CST 2019, time=2019-02-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=363533, encodeId=a8a036353355, content=半年前我们遇到一个类似的,但医院条件问题无法确诊,转院了。后来省里确诊食管气管瘘。就是不知道分型, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=591c2575229, createdName=125907d9m78暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Mar 25 20:37:46 CST 2019, time=2019-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=362456, encodeId=4e4836245668, content=谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83eqYPFHuMA3bhYQrHvycmum7IJoCsLK0FP6X56Eoj9PZAECDke8zLCKxZZvk9q7B6rZmPuFgN5YCfw/132, createdBy=00912551888, createdName=12543c13m83暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Mar 11 12:59:04 CST 2019, time=2019-03-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1281873, encodeId=3bb712818e3da, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=21753963364' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#呼吸困难#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=39633, encryptionId=21753963364, topicName=呼吸困难)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=365d170, createdName=chenwq08, createdTime=Wed Feb 27 09:59:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=361494, encodeId=72fa36149487, content=好病例,学习了,谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Mon Feb 25 19:12:29 CST 2019, time=2019-02-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-02-25 天地飞扬

    好病例,学习了,谢谢分享!

    0