Cell Rep:阿尔茨海默病早期在睡眠时可能存在神经环路功能失调

2022-08-30 brainnew神内神外 brainnew神内神外

在AD早期无症状阶段,CA1神经网络在低兴奋性状态的麻醉或者非快速眼动睡眠期间已经出现异常,然在清醒状态则无明显改变。这个过度兴奋性可以被调节MFR的DHODH酶抑制剂缓解。

神经活动的稳态失调被认为可能是促进阿尔茨海默病(AD)病变的机制。

众所周知,在AD出现临床表现(认知功能受损等)之前的10-20年,就已经出现了淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)的沉积,在这段漫长的无症状期,神经活动的稳态机制是否已经出现功能失调还尚未可知。

Inna Slutsky教授带领的团队针对该问题进行了一系列的研究,发现在出现认知障碍症状前的清醒状态下的AD模型鼠中,海马神经环路没有出现损伤,然而在非快速眼动睡眠期间(NREM)以及全麻状态(神经元的活性降低)下,海马的神经环路稳态出现了功能失调。

该教授团队于2022年1月于Cell Reports杂志发表了题为“Disrupted neural correlates of anesthesia and sleep reveal early circuit dysfunctions in Alzheimer models”的文章。

1. APP/PS1小鼠在清醒状态下

海马CA1神经元活性正常

实验所用小鼠为4-5月龄APP/PS1基因突变小鼠,该小鼠在出现明显的淀粉样蛋白沉积(Aβ40,Aβ42以及Aβ42与Aβ40的比值升高)的同时,其认知功能未出现明显受损(空间记忆、条件依赖的恐惧记忆未受损,但在9月龄时会出现受损)。

实验采用宽视野头戴式的荧光微型显微镜在单神经元的水平上快速和长时间地追踪Ca2+的动态变化来显示神经元的活性(图1A)。结果显示,APP/PS1小鼠在清醒状态下海马CA1神经元细胞的Ca2+活动率与野生型(WT)小鼠无明显差别(图1B和C),在平均Ca2+活动率(mCaR)(图1D),活性神经元数量(图1E)以及神经元总的活性(图1F)方面都无明显差别。

同时,该实验还采用长期植入的四级杆来直接记录小鼠单个神经元的放电活动。结果同样显示,APP/PS1小鼠在清醒状态下海马CA1神经元细胞的平均放电率(MFR)与WT小鼠无明显差别(图1G-I)。

此外,在对细胞外的场兴奋性突触后电位的记录观察中发现APP/PS1小鼠在清醒状态下海马CA3-CA1的突触传递和短期的突触可塑性与WT小鼠无明显差别(图J-K)。

图1.APP/PS1小鼠清醒状态下CA1神经网络活性以及CA3-CA1突触传递未出现受损

2. APP/PS1小鼠在非快速眼动睡眠 

期间出现海马CA1神经元MFR异常

正常情况下,在NREM期间,海马CA1神经元的活性会下调(这被称为局部稳态机制)。可以看到,该实验中WT小鼠的整体的海马CA1神经元活性在NREM期间下降了大约60%(图2A-D,I),然而在APP/PS1小鼠的NREM期间,海马CA1神经元活性却和清醒时无明显改变(图E-H,J)。

因此,可以得出在APP/PS1小鼠海马CA1神经元在NREM期间的一个典型负性调控出现了明显的功能失调(图2K),说明CA1神经元MFR的稳态调控功能出现受损。

图2. APP/PS1小鼠在非快速眼动睡眠(NREM)期间海马CA1神经元负性调控功能出现异常

3. APP/PS1小鼠NREM期间海马CA1神经元局部放电率异常要早于整体慢波震荡异常

WT小鼠在NREM期间,MFR会比在清醒状态下降低(图3A,C),其中低于清醒状态下神经元MFR中位值(1.4HZ)的那部分细胞在NREM期间的活性未出现明显改变,而高于中位值的那部分细胞则出现明显的活性降低(图3D)。

然而在APP/PS1小鼠中发现,不管是清醒状态还是NREM状态下,MFR没有出现明显改变(图3B,E),可能是因为其中低于清醒状态下神经元MFR中位值的那部分细胞在NREM期间的活性出现升高,而原来高于中位值的那部分细胞的活性则没有发生改变(图3F)。

考虑到之前在AD患者和AD小鼠模型中出现整体慢波震荡异常,为了探究上述神经元活性的改变是否是来自慢波震荡异常,该实验检测了小鼠的脑电图,发现APP/PS1小鼠和WT小鼠的慢波脑电图(图3G)以及局部场电位(LFP)的慢波(图3H)并未有明显的不同。这说明APP/PS1小鼠NREM期间海马CA1神经元局部放电率异常要早于整体慢波震荡异常。

图3.APP/PS1小鼠NREM期间海马CA1神经元局部放电率异常要早于整体慢波震荡异常

4. APP/PS1小鼠失去

在全麻状态下的神经元抑制功能

该实验使用异氟醚(ISO)来诱导产生麻醉。研究发现,在异氟醚作用下,WT小鼠会出现明显的CA1神经元细胞群的抑制(图4A,C),主要是因为活性神经元细胞数量的减少(图4C)。

然而APP/PS1小鼠的CA1神经元细胞群没有出现明显的抑制(图4B,D),最终导致麻醉状态下整体神经元活性和清醒时无明显区别(图E)。

此外,与WT小鼠相比,APP/PS1小鼠出现明显的超同步化现象,其放电细胞的数量(图4F)以及神经网络中的放电量(图4G)大大增加。在实验人员使用其他麻醉药物之后,上诉结果仍然出现,说明APP/PS1小鼠失去本应在在全麻状态下出现的神经元抑制功能。

图4. APP/PS1小鼠失去在全麻状态下的神经元抑制功能

5. 不同的fAD小鼠模型在麻醉状态下

都出现过度兴奋性的现象

该实验使用不同的转基因AD小鼠来进一步确认上述发现,即在麻醉状态下,APP/PS1小鼠的神经元抑制功能失调。研究发现,不仅在APP/PS1小鼠,在5xFAD小鼠以及APP-KI小鼠中,上述现象仍然存在(图5A-C)。证明这种现象是在AD模型小鼠中普遍存在的,而不是仅仅是单一模型AD小鼠中的特有现象。

图5. 不同的fAD小鼠模型在麻醉状态下都出现过度兴奋性的现象

6. fAD突变导致下调MFR稳态失衡

该实验使用体外海马神经元多电极阵列(MEAs)检测MFR稳态机制。研究发现,异氟醚的使用会导致WT的MFR水平下调,在一个新的下降的调定点(set-point)波动(图6A,C)。然而同样在异氟醚的试用下,APP/PS1突变导致虽然出现MFR下降,但是马上升高到一个更高MFR水平,相当于调定点的升高(图6B,D)。

这就说明与WT相比,APP/PS1突变导致海马神经元出现明显的过度兴奋性(图6E),但是它并没有损伤MFR的基本稳态调节反应(图F-H)。

正常情况下,使用γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)受体拮抗剂之后,MFR的水平会出现明显升高,但其调节机制会使MFR的水平之后缓慢降低,WT海马神经元的表现就是如此(图6I)。

然而,APP/PS1突变导致该过程的稳态调节出现异常,在APP/PS1突变的海马神经元中,MFR无法降低到原来的水平,而是持续地维持在高水平状态(图6J-K)。

图6. 体外海马神经元实验发现fAD突变导致下调MFR稳态失衡

7. 抑制线粒体线粒体二氢乳清酸脱氢酶

可以降低麻醉状态下CA1神经元的兴奋过度

线粒体DHODH酶可以调节MFR的调定点。特利氟米特(TERI)是DHODH酶抑制剂,该实验将TERI经载体(VEH)注入小鼠脑室内进行实验。研究发现,麻醉状态下APP/PS1小鼠CA1神经元中的癫痫样的异常高压电波可以被TREI抑制(图7C),而且放电率有所降低(图7D-F)。

图7. 特利氟米特(TERI)可以降低麻醉状态下的APP/PS1小鼠CA1神经元的过度兴奋

结  论

在AD早期无症状阶段,CA1神经网络在低兴奋性状态的麻醉或者非快速眼动睡眠期间已经出现异常,然在清醒状态则无明显改变。这个过度兴奋性可以被调节MFR的DHODH酶抑制剂缓解。

参考文献

Zarhin et al., 2022, Cell Reports 38, 110268 January 18, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110268.

编译作者:KK(brainnews创作团队)

校审:Simon(brainnews编辑部)

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    2022-08-16 维他命
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