Spine:微创手术治疗成人脊柱侧凸的长期疗效良好

2013-09-06 phdyhm dxy

成人脊柱侧凸是指骨骼发育成熟后,患者脊柱在冠状面上形成或存在Cobb角>10°的侧凸畸形。成人脊柱侧凸的患病率随着年龄的不同存在差异,文献报道为1-32%,在年龄大于60岁的人群中其患病率可高达68%。随着社会人口老龄化的趋势,其发病率也在逐年升高。 根据发病机制Aebi将成人脊柱侧凸分为三类:第一类是原先并不存在,在进入老年期后由于脊柱结构、尤其是椎间盘和关节突关节退变导致的脊柱侧凸,称为退变

成人脊柱侧凸是指骨骼发育成熟后,患者脊柱在冠状面上形成或存在Cobb角>10°的侧凸畸形。成人脊柱侧凸的患病率随着年龄的不同存在差异,文献报道为1-32%,在年龄大于60岁的人群中其患病率可高达68%。随着社会人口老龄化的趋势,其发病率也在逐年升高。

根据发病机制Aebi将成人脊柱侧凸分为三类:第一类是原先并不存在,在进入老年期后由于脊柱结构、尤其是椎间盘和关节突关节退变导致的脊柱侧凸,称为退变性脊柱侧凸;第二类是畸形发生于骨骺发育成熟之前,并在发育成熟后持续存在、进一步加重的特发性脊柱侧凸;第三类为继发性成人脊柱侧凸,包括继发于骨盆倾斜、骨质疏松合并骨盆倾斜,或是不对称的骨性关节炎,椎体骨折等诸多因素。

成人脊柱侧凸需手术治疗的仅占20%-25%,手术适应征主要为疼痛,畸形进展,功能障碍以及畸形对病人心理的影响。外科手术治疗主要包括前路松解、椎间融合,重建脊柱生理曲度,联合后路减压,椎弓根螺钉技术等。

近年来,随着临床脊柱生物力学等研究的不断深入、微创技术(MIS)在外科的普及应用,微创脊柱外科也逐渐兴起并在微创治疗成人脊柱侧凸方面进行了不懈的努力。与此同时,脊柱内置物设计也日益优化与完善,许多新的微创脊柱外科手术术式也孕育而生。

为了进一步评价MIS治疗成人脊柱侧凸的长期疗效,美国学者Anand等进行了一项回顾性研究,该研究结果已在近期的Spine杂志上发表。
在该研究中,作者选取71例行MIS治疗的成人脊柱侧凸患者做为研究对象,其中退行性脊柱侧凸54例,特发性脊柱侧凸11例,6例医源性脊柱侧凸。71例患者中男性患者34例,女性患者37例,年龄范围为20–84岁,平均为64岁。

所有脊柱侧凸患者均接受3种MIS的结合治疗,即后路经皮多节段椎弓根螺钉内固定,直接外侧椎体间融合术(direct lateral interbody fusion,DLIF),轴向椎间融合(axial lumbar interbody fusion,AxiaLIF)。71例患者中有36例采用了分步治疗,即一期行DLIF,三天后再行二期手术——后路经皮多节段椎弓根螺钉内固定与AxiaLIF。
通过X线片、MRI与CT比较所有患者术前术后的节段性与全脊柱的畸形矫正程度。术后患者的随访时间为24–60月,平均39个月。

研究结果显示,未行分步手术的患者术中失血量平均为412 mL,手术时间平均为291分钟。行分步手术的患者DLIF术中的失血量平均为314mL,手术时间平均为183分钟;行后路内固定与AxiaLIF术中的失血量357 mL,手术时间平均243分钟。患者的住院时间为2-26天,平均为7.6天。

患者术前的Cobb角为8.3°-65°,平均为24.7°;术后矫正为0.6°-28.8°,平均为9.5°。患者术前的冠状面平衡平均为25.5 mm,术后矫正为11mm;患者术前的矢状面平衡平均为31.7 mm,术后矫正为10.7 mm。患者术前的腰顶椎偏距(apical vertebral translation,AVT)平均为24 mm,术后矫正为12 mm。
14例患者出现了术后不良事件需要进一步干预治疗,包括4例假性关节,4 例持续性狭窄,1 例骨髓炎,1例邻近节段椎间盘炎,1 例迟发型伤口感染, 1 例近端交界性后凸, 1 螺钉突出,1 例原发性脑出血, 2例伤口裂开。

该研究结果表明,结合3种微创手术技术的手术治疗可以很好地矫正患者的脊柱畸形,效果与开放性手术相当,能显著改善患者的各项功能、临床以及影像学结果,并可大大地降低患者术后早期与长期并发症的发生率。

原文下载

Anand N, Baron EM, Khandehroo B, Kahwaty S.Long-term 2- to 5-Year Clinical and Functional Outcomes of Minimally Invasive Surgery for Adult Scoliosis.Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013 Aug 15;38(18):1566-75.

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    2014-06-04 mgqwxj
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    2013-09-08 vera_1203
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